Chemists at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have developed an organic catalyst that can drive reactions using pyruvate – a key biomolecule in many metabolic pathways – that are difficult and complicated to achieve using conventional industrial techniques.
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The research, recently published in Organic Letters, is an important step towards simplifying the production process and increasing the range of molecules that can be built from pyruvate, like amino acids or glycolic acids, which are used in drug discovery efforts and medications.
“Catalysts, substances which control and accelerate chemical reactions without being included into the final products, are crucial tools for chemists,” said Santanu Mondal, a PhD candidate in Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit at OIST and first author of the study. “And organic catalysts, in particular, are set to revolutionize the industry and make chemistry more sustainable.”
Currently, metal catalysts are used in industry, which are often expensive to obtain and produce hazardous waste. Metal catalysts also react easily with air and water, making them difficult to store and handle. But organic catalysts are formed from common elements, like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, so they are much cheaper, safer and more environmentally friendly.
“On top of these advantages, our newly developed organic catalyst system also promotes reactions using pyruvate that aren’t easily achievable using metal catalysts,” added Santanu.
In all chemical reactions, he went on to explain, molecules can react by either giving away electrons, or receiving them. Pyruvate is much better at receiving electrons when it reacts and is typically used this way in industry, to produce organic alcohols and solvents. But within our bodies, protein catalysts called enzymes can drive reactions in which pyruvate donates electrons to produce molecules like fatty acids and amino acids.
By taking inspiration from these enzymes, the researchers designed a catalyst system made of two small organic molecules, an acid and an amine, that forces pyruvate to act as an electron donor.
In the reaction, the amine binds to pyruvate, making an intermediate molecule. The acid then covers up part of the intermediate molecule, while leaving another part, which can donate electrons, free to react and form a new product.
Importantly, the catalyst system is highly selective about which form of the product it will make. Like our hands, many biomolecules are asymmetric and can exist in two forms that are mirror-images of each other. These molecules look similar, but often have differing properties.
“Organic catalysts can be designed in a way that at the end of the reaction, only one of these mirror-image forms is made,” said Santanu. “This is particularly beneficial in the pharmaceutical industry, where one of the forms may be an effective treatment, but the other form may be toxic.”
For the pyruvate reactions, the researchers were able to selectively choose which of the two mirror-image forms of the final product to make, by changing which mirror-image form of the amine was used to catalyze the reaction.
Currently, the organic catalyst system only works when reacting pyruvate with a specific class of organic molecule, called cyclic imines. But ultimately, the research team dream of creating a next-generation catalyst for pyruvate that is universal, meaning that it can speed up reactions between pyruvate and a broad range of organic molecules.
“With a universal catalyst, chemists would be able to easily make an array of various products from pyruvate, in both mirror-image forms,” said Santanu. “This would have many meaningful impacts on society, such as speeding up the development of new drugs.”
Choosing the right catalyst packaging solution is critical for businesses in the refining, gas processing and petrochemical industries. With many options available, understanding the unique needs of your operations and how different bulk packaging meets certain requirements can ensure efficiency, sustainability, and safety. In this guide, we’ll walk you through key packaging considerations to help you make an informed decision that aligns with your business goals.
Fresh, spent, pre-sulfided, and precious metal catalysts all have different—and often specific—storage and transportation requirements. These dry materials are used in many industrial processes, so understanding the type of catalyst being handled will steer you in the right direction.
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With a variety of catalyst packaging solutions available in the market today, work with a supplier to understand your options, including availability and lead times. From single-use packaging to reusable bins, here are the four most common types of bulk catalyst packaging used in the refining and petrochemical industries:
Catalyst packaging is frequently used for short-term projects like change outs, turnarounds and shutdowns, therefore it’s essential to choose a container that can be quickly mobilized, staged, and demobilized. The ease of domestic and/or international transport, catalyst transfer, and return should factor into your decision. Packaging that supports rapid deployment without compromising safety or durability can significantly reduce refinery downtime. Understanding availability and factoring lead times into your project timelines helps to prevent unnecessary costs.
Safety should always be top priority, so opt for carbon or stainless-steel catalyst packaging options that meet or exceed industry safety standards for hazardous material storage and transportation. Features such as secure locking mechanisms, hermetic seals, reinforced structures, compatibility with existing equipment & transport modes, and easy handling by crane or forklift are paramount. Some catalyst containers offer built-in safety measures, like pressure relief valves and spill containment features to prevent accidents during transport.
Sustainability should play a key role when assessing catalyst packaging options. For example, carbon steel catalyst bins are designed for long-term use, reducing packaging waste and minimizing environmental impact. Unlike drums, reusable catalyst bins can be reconditioned and reused multiple times over their lifespan. By selecting containers that are sustainable, you not only demonstrate corporate responsibility but also make a positive impact on our planet by eliminating waste associated with single-use packaging like drums and supersacks.
Whether by rail, sea or over the road, bulk catalyst packaging should facilitate easy handling and transportation. Consider factors such as weight, durability, and personnel requirements for catalyst unloading and transfers. Packaging that is designed with efficiency in mind can streamline the handling process, reducing the risk of damage to precious catalysts, delays in transit, and safety-related injuries or incidents.
Not all catalyst packaging is one-size-fits-all, and your business may have unique needs that require a customized solution. For example, supersack and catalyst bin suppliers can tailor solutions to your specific requirements, offering modified dimensions, specialized linings, tamper-resistant seals, or additional safety features. When evaluating your options, consider whether standard or customized solutions will best meet your needs.
Ensuring that your chosen catalyst packaging complies with global industry regulations is essential for safe operations. Look for containers that are certified to meet relevant standards, such as UN11A for hazardous materials. Certification indicates that the packaging has undergone rigorous testing and meets all industry safety and performance standards. Non-compliance can lead to fines, legal issues, and safety hazards.
Packaging made from high-quality materials like steel can withstand the harsh conditions of industrial environments; however, bulk bags constructed from woven fibers cannot. When looking at storage solutions for fresh or spent catalyst, it’s important to choose packaging that is resistant to corrosion, impact, and extreme temperatures. Durable containers can provide long-term value for your business.
Choose a catalyst container supplier that offers comprehensive support, including packaging, logistics and transportation, catalyst transfer and warehousing, and emergency assistance. A supplier that provides 24/7 support can be invaluable during critical operations—like refinery turnarounds and plant shutdowns— ensuring any issues are promptly addressed. Additionally, consider the supplier’s track record and reputation in the industry to ensure you are partnering with a dependable provider.
While cost is always a consideration, it’s imperative to evaluate the packaging’s overall value and fit within your operations. Cheap, single-use catalyst packaging options might save money upfront but could lead to higher costs down the line if lacking in safety features, durability, or reliability. Renting high-quality reusable catalyst bins can result in significant savings and improved turnaround performance. Evaluate the total cost of ownership, including transportation and handling.
Different types of catalyst packaging have varying maintenance requirements. Some may require regular inspections, lifting lug testing, or reconditioning to ensure they remain safe and effective. Understanding these requirements ahead of time can aid in turnaround and maintenance planning, ensuring your packaging of choice is readily available without unexpected downtime. Consider packaging that offers ease of maintenance along with clear guidelines and support from the supplier.
Refinery and plant shutdowns are complex, each having different scopes, deadlines, and catalyst handling requirements. While it’s important to have packaging that meets your current operational needs, planning for future projects is equally critical. Consider the frequency in which catalyst packaging is needed and that your chosen supplier can guarantee availability for upcoming turnarounds. Additionally, choosing a supplier that can accommodate your evolving needs with a wide range of catalyst containers and logistics services will ensure reliable future operations.
With both rental and purchase options available for bulk catalyst packaging, work with suppliers to evaluate costs and understand short- and long-term value. Rentals offer a flexible, scalable packaging option for many, whereas purchasing comes with high up-front costs, maintenance fees, storage considerations, and more.
Ultimately, choosing the right catalyst packaging solution for your business requires a thorough evaluation of your current and future projects, operational needs, as well as handling and storage requirements. Investing the time to make an informed decision will pay off in improved efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. With these key considerations, you are now well-equipped to select the right catalyst packaging to optimize your next turnaround.
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