Spot-Cap® is a novel affinity resin, which binds the 12 amino acid Spot-tag® with high selectivity. Spot-Cap comprises a single domain antibody from alpaca, also called Nanobody or VHH that is conjugated to agarose beads. This resin overcomes limitations of both chemical resins and antibody-based resin because it combines highest selectivity with high binding capacity and effective, mild elution.
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Spot-Tag® (sequence PDRVRAVSHWSS) is a flexible peptide-tag of 1.4 kDa size. It preserves native protein folding and full function of the Spot-tagged fusion protein because of its flexible structure. Spot-tag can be fused to the N- or C-terminus, also internal positions can be used. Tag removal may not be necessary after purification because the small, inert Spot-tag is compatible with biochemical downstream assays.
Spot-tag in combination with Spot-Cap are especially suited for the purification of proteins with special requirements as outlined below.
In order to avoid overexpression and possible subsequent generation of inclusion bodies, expression systems that secrete the tagged protein to the cell media are used. Secretion of recombinantly expressed proteins also supports the formation of disulfide bonds and prevents degradation by host cell proteases. The concentration of the secreted tagged protein will be low because of the relatively large volume of the cell media. Hence, a high affinity purification resins is needed to efficiently capture the expressed protein. The application of the His-tag may not be suitable because of the relative low affinity of the Ni/NTA resin. Also, Streptavidin/avidin resin may not be applicable for purification as the cell media often contains biotin. Biotin competes with the Strep- and Strep-Tactin-tagged proteins for binding to streptavidin/avidin resins and thus considerably reduces purification yield. ChromoTek’s Spot-Cap resin has a high affinity to the Spot-Tag and is thus capable to bind Spot-tagged proteins at low concentrations respectively in large volumes. Spot-Cap also has a high selectivity to Spot-tag and doesn’t bind components of the cell medium.
Membrane proteins play an essential role in cellular processes like signal transduction, communication, and energy production to mention a few. Due to their hydrophobic nature, the production of tagged membrane proteins can be challenging. Low expression yields and the presence of detergents, which are needed for solubilization, further complicate their purification. Immunoglobulin-based resins as well as hydrophobic or ion-exchange resins may not be suitable for the purification of membrane proteins, because detergents can compromise the structural integrity and hence the interacting capability. In addition, the purification of low expressed membrane proteins does require a purification resin with high affinity and high elution efficiency. Although immunoglobulin-based resin can bind the purified protein tightly and may be able to capture even lowest amounts of the recombinant protein, these resins usually lack gentle and efficient elution capability. Besides the selection of the purification resin also the position of the purification tag is crucial for the purification of membrane proteins. Peptide tags are typically positioned at the C-terminal side to minimize interference with protein targeting. However, N-terminal and internal positions of the tag must be considered if the peptide tag is covered in the detergent micelle during solubilization and can’t access the purification resin. Spot-Tag can be positioned on the C- and N-terminus and also integration in transmembrane loops is possible. Spot-Cap resin captures and releases the Spot-tagged protein efficiently high concentrations of detergent, i.e. 2% DDM, 2% NP-40, or 2% Triton X-100.
Metalloproteins are a large and diverse protein class and contain e.g. Fe, Cu, or Zn ions. These proteins have many different functions in cells, e.g. protein storage and transport, enzymatic activity, and signal transduction. Metalloprotein purification can be challenging, because complexing reagents or chelating agents like EDTA must be avoided in the binding, wash, and elution buffers as they may form complexes the metal ions and extract metal ions from the protein. In addition, reducing reagents at relative high concentration may have to be added to the buffers to keep the metal ion at the required oxidation state to maintain the protein’s function. Ni/NTA resins may not be used for purification of metalloproteins, because these resins can pull the metal ions from the metalloprotein’s active site leaving only the apo-enzyme behind. Furthermore, these resins may leak their metal ions like Ni and hence may damage the metalloprotein by metal ion replacement. Antibody based purification resins may be sensitive to reducing reagents, because the disulfide bonds of the immunoglobulin may break and disassemble the antibody. In contrast, the Nanobody-based Spot-Cap doesn’t contain metal ions and it can be used with buffers containing reducing reagents like 10 mM DTT, 10 mM ß-mercaptoethanol, and 10 mM TCEP.
For multiple reasons, the expression of a peptide tagged protein can result in a low abundance, e.g. when secreted proteins or membrane proteins are purified (see above). Highly affine purification resins, which have affinities (dissociation constants) in the low nanomolar to picomolar range, must be applied to achieve effective binding. In addition, gentle and efficient elution conditions are needed to elute the bound protein from the resin. Because of its high affinity, the Spot-Cap resin can be used for purification of Spot-tagged proteins at low concentrations and purified proteins can be easily eluted with Spot-peptide.
A protein’s stability, structure, and function can be compromised by multiple factors during purification:
For more information on the Spot-Tag click here: https://www.ptglab.com/products/chromotek-nanobody-based-reagents/about/spot-capture-detection-system/
by Eric Hommema, M.S.; Penny Jensen, Ph.D.; Krishna Vattem, Ph.D.; Brian Webb, Ph.D. - 10/22/13
In vitro protein expression is a rapid technique to produce functional proteins. By contrast with in vivo protein expression methods, in vitro protein expression allows for expression of toxic proteins, incorporation of heavy isotopes for NMR or MS analysis, addition of non-natural amino acids, and elimination of growth and induction conditions for recombinant protein synthesis.
The end goal of any protein expression system is production of highly functional and pure protein. Because every protein is different, no single purification strategy or protocol is optimal or successful for all proteins. In fact, the success rate for purification of proteins in any particular system is low. A collaborative database of cloned and purified proteins maintained by the Protein Data Bank lists a number of genes that have been successfully cloned and purified (Table 1).
Source http://targetdb.sbkb.org (January ).
ClonedExpressedPurified% PurifiedProkaryota%Eukaryota%Archaea%Nevertheless, it is possible to identify certain techniques that can be used together to successfully express and purify a protein of interest. In this article, we describe, evaluate and recommend several workflows and troubleshooting tips for successfully purifying proteins expressed in the Thermo Scientific 1-Step High Yield IVT system.
The 1-Step IVT system has specific vector requirements for high-level expression, all of which are found in the Thermo Scientific pT7CFE Vectors. These vectors contain an EMCV UTR upstream of the gene of interest, one to three affinity fusion tags, and a poly A 3’ tail. Affinity tags must be chosen with regard to the protein purification method to be used (Table 2), and each affinity tag has its particular advantages. For example, compared to the GST tag (26kDa), the His tag and antigen-based tags (HA, c-Myc, and FLAG) are advantageous when it is important to minimize the overall size of the recombinant protein, perhaps to maintain function.
The primary goal of our study was to learn if vectors with certain combinations of tags (and purification methods) would provide better overall results in terms of expression level and ease and quality of purification. We discovered that vectors containing an N- or C-terminal GST tag often provided greatly increased protein expression compared to vectors having only small antigen affinity tags. In addition, we found that the multi-tag pT7CFE vectors containing both GST and His tags provided greater flexibility and success for purifications. These multi-tag vectors accommodate the use of two different purification techniques, which may be used as alternatives or in combination (Figure 1). Inclusion of the HRV3c protease cleavage site provides for on-column or in-solution removal of the fusion tag.
Figure 1: Purification options flowchart. Using a multi-tag vector that contains N- or C-terminal GST:His:HRV3c sequences enables any one of four alternative paths of purification to be used. The glutathione affinity workflow (bold path) is recommended.
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In the next section, we provide the purification protocols outlined in the Figure 1. Then, in the subsequent RESULTS and DISCUSSION section, we present the results of our experiments that led us to recommend the glutathione affinity workflow. We also include a troubleshooting guide and suggestions for optimizing results for individual proteins.
ProtocolsImmobilized glutathione offers minimal steps, high yield, and high purity under native conditions. The protocol is flexible allowing for elution of the entire fusion protein using 10-50mM glutathione or elution of the protein of interest free of fusion tags by using GST-tagged HRV3c protease. Buffer volumes listed are for purifications of 100µL IVT reactions (Part No. ). Scale the buffer volumes appropriately for 2mL (Part No. ) reaction volumes.
Expressed proteins containing the His6x or His9x affinity tag can be purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Either cobalt- or nickel-based IMAC resins can be used for this purpose, but we have generally obtained greater purity using cobalt resin (data not shown). This protocol is effective for any His-tagged construct (N- and C-terminal ) that includes the HRV3C cleavage sequence; however, for best results, we recommend choosing one of the GST:His multi-tag vectors.
To evaluate the effect of tag size and type on expression, we compared expression levels for several proteins cloned in vectors with either a solitary C-terminal GST tag (large) or a solitary C-terminal HA tag (small). Depending on the protein, one or the other tag supported higher expression (Figure 2a). However, when the yield was greater with the GST tag, it was much greater indeed. This suggests that researchers should test new proteins with and without the GST tag to ensure that they do not miss the opportunity to achieve this high-yield expression.
We compared the effect on expression of N-terminal vs. C-terminal GST tag. For nearly all proteins tested, the N-terminal tag supported higher protein expression than the C-terminal tag (Figure 2b).
Figure 2. Tag construction affects protein expression levels in the 1-Step Human High-Yield IVT system. A. Comparison between GST and HA pT7CFE vectors (both C-terminal). B. Comparison between N- and C-terminal GST pT7CFE vectors (both of which also contain C-terminal HA tags). Selected pT7CFE plasmids (3.6μg) containing various gene sequences were added to a 100µL High-Yield IVT reaction and incubated for 17 hours at 30°C. An aliquot (2µL) of each translation reaction was analyzed via SDS-PAGE followed by transfer to nitrocellulose. Western blots were performed using the Pierce Fast Western Dura Kit (Part No. ) and target-specific antibodies for Figure 2A and anti-HA tag antibody for Figure 2B. The blots were visualized by the myECL Imager (Part No. ) and densitometry was obtained of the luminescent signal at the proper molecular weight using myImageAnalysis software (Part No. ).For purification of IVT-expressed proteins, satisfactory results can be obtained using either glutathione (for GST tag) or cobalt (for His tag) affinity resins. Multi-tag vectors containing both GST and His tags (as well as an HRV 3C cleavage site) provide for use of multiple elution protocols. The standard small molecule elution methods (i.e., 10-50mM glutathione for immobilized glutathione elution, or 300mM imidazole for cobalt elution) can be used in combination with on-column or solution-based cleavage with the HRV 3C protease.
We obtained the highest yield and purity by glutathione affinity purification (Figure 3). We cloned eight different proteins into both N-terminal and C-terminal multi-tag pT7CFE expression vectors. Then we expressed and purified them using either glutathione agarose resin or cobalt agarose metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) resin. Proteins were eluted from the columns by either 10mM glutathione or 300mM imidazole, respectively. All eight proteins were successfully purified by glutathione agarose using the N-terminal GST tag, while only six of eight proteins were successfully purified by cobalt agarose using the His tag (i.e., p53 and cFOS were unsuccessful).
Figure 3. GST-based vs. His-based purification of proteins expressed using the High Yield IVT. Eight different proteins were expressed with either an N-terminal (N) or C-terminal (C) His:GST fusion tag and purified using glutathione agarose (G) or cobalt IMAC agarose (H). Proteins were eluted in G and H methods with either 10mM reduced glutathione or 300mM imidazole, respectively.
We improved overall purity in glutathione purification by eluting the proteins with on-column digestion with HRV 3C protease containing a GST fusion tag (Part No. ). For example, as shown in Figure 3, there is a 50kDa endogenous glutathione binding protein (elongation factor 1-gamma, EF-1g) that co-elutes with the GST-tagged protein of interest [1]. However, elution from glutathione agarose resin by cleavage with HRV 3C protease prevents this type of co-elution because only the recombinant protein contains the HRV 3C cleavage site. We tested five different proteins purified by glutathione agarose to compare elution by HRV 3C Protease (plus) or glutathione (minus) (Figure 4). Because the HRV3C protease contains a GST fusion tag, only the protein of interest is eluted while the GST-HRV3C protease and the cleaved GST fusion tag remains bound to the column.
Figure 4. Glutathione vs. HRV 3C protease for elution of GST fusion proteins. N-terminal GST fusion proteins were purified using glutathione agarose. Elution was performed as described in the protocol with 10mM glutathione or HRV 3C protease. In the lanes for Bad protein, the additional bands (triangle) are 14-3-3 proteins, which co-elute with Bad. Protein identification was verified by mass spectrometry (data not shown).Based on experiments comparing Ni-NTA and cobalt resins (data not shown), we recommend cobalt- over nickel-based IMAC for purification of His-tagged proteins expressed using the 1-Step Human High Yield IVT system. Cobalt provides a much higher level of purity than nickel, while at the same time maintaining good yield.
Compared to bacteria (the usual system for protein expression), the human proteome is larger and more complex. Consequently, human cell lysates (as in the 1-Step Human IVT system) generally result in higher background (co-elution of more off-target proteins) in IMAC than bacterial lysates. Besides using cobalt resin instead of nickel resin, we optimized for purity in cobalt-IMAC by adjusting the number of wash steps and the concentration of imidazole in the wash buffer (Figure 5). Increasing the number of washes with higher concentrations of imidazole resulted in greater purity, albeit with decreased yield. Researchers can adjust these wash conditions to obtain an acceptable balance of purity and yield.
Figure 5. Purity and yield are affected by imidazole wash conditions buffer. Plasmid DNA (3.6μg of pT7CFE1-GFP-CHis) was added to 100µL of a high-yield reaction mixture with expression at 30°C for 18 hours. The Reaction mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at xg and the supernatant was diluted 1:5 in Binding Buffer (100mM Tris, pH8.0, 500mM NaCl). The sample was added to 25µL cobalt resin in a spin column (Part No. ) and mixed end-over-end at 4°C. After incubation, the column was centrifuged for 30 seconds at 700Xg to collect flow through material. The resin was washed with various numbers of washing steps (400µL) and variable imidazole concentrations (Binding Buffer plus either 8 or 16mM imidazole). One third of the elution fraction was loaded onto a 4-20% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Imperial Protein Stain (Part No. ). Percent yield is the measured fluorescence (ex/em = 510nm/485nm) of the (eluted fraction / crude fraction ) X 100.
If caused by improperly stored or expired kit reagents:
If caused by vector cloning error:
If caused by protein remaining bound to column:
Thermo Scientific pT7CFE1-NHis is a cloning plasmid optimized to use with the Thermo Scientific 1-Step Human In Vitro Protein Expression System for in vitro translation (IVT) of tagged fusion proteins. pT7CFE1-NHis Vector is available with single affinity 6xHis tag at the N-terminus to facilitate protein purification and detection.
Features of pT7CFE1:
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