Hyaluronic (pronounced hi-ah-lew-ron-ic) acid — also known as hyaluronan or hyaluronate — is a gooey, slippery substance that your body produces naturally. Scientists have found hyaluronic acid throughout the body, especially in eyes, joints and skin.
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Hyaluronic acid is a remarkable substance because of all the benefits and uses it has in your body. Here are just a few of the benefits of hyaluronic acid:
Hyaluronic acid is often produced by fermenting certain types of bacteria. Rooster combs (the red, Mohawk-like growth on top of a rooster’s head and face) are also a common source.
Yes. Research shows that hyaluronic acid is safe to use. Reactions or adverse effects from hyaluronic acid are rare, and it’s safe to use if you’re pregnant or nursing.
Products that combine hyaluronic acid with other medications or compounds may have some risks of side effects.
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It’s important to tell your healthcare provider about all medications that you’re taking, including supplements, vitamins, etc. They can help you better understand any potential concerns.
There are many ways you can take hyaluronic acid (either on its own or in combination products). Many are available over-the-counter. Some need a doctor’s prescription. For some, you need to see a trained medical professional.
A few of the different ways (available over-the-counter) that you can take hyaluronic acid include:
Hyaluronic acid is also available by prescription in the following forms:
Remember, only trained and qualified medical professionals should give injections. While experts say hyaluronic acid is safe, improper use — especially when injecting it — can lead to severe complications or even death.
Hyaluronic acid belongs to a type of long, complicated chain-like molecules called polymers. The chain has plenty of spots on it where other chemical compounds (like water, for example) can latch on. That’s why a quarter-teaspoon of hyaluronic acid can hold about one and a half gallons of water, making it the best polymer — natural or artificial — for absorbing water (and a key ingredient in moisturizing products).
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Because it has lots of space for other molecules to latch on, hyaluronic acid is great for transporting other molecules throughout your body. It also has the ability to attach itself to cells, which is why targeted delivery of medications using hyaluronic acid is a major topic of study.
Hyaluronic acid’s chain-like structure also means it can act like a scaffold structure, allowing tissues to grow. This is a key step in how wounds heal on your body. Scientists have also found hyaluronic acid in human embryos and are studying what role hyaluronic acid plays in reproduction and development.
Yes, depending on how it’s used. It’s a versatile molecule and scientists are still finding new and beneficial ways to use it. Right now, it’s most often used for skin, joint and eye health. It’s also the topic of hundreds of scientific studies and trials around the world.
Long-term use of hyaluronic acid serum on your skin or in a supplement taken by mouth can improve overall skin health. It’s also great for helping improve overall skin flexibility and elasticity (meaning it makes your skin more stretchy and soft).
Hyaluronic acid is widely used as an ingredient in fillers that repair or conceal scars left behind by acne. There has been some limited research into combinations of hyaluronic acid and other medications to treat acne, but so far, there isn’t much evidence that these are effective.
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Yes, depending on how it’s used. Over-the-counter hyaluronic acid serums and products applied on your skin (creams, lotions, etc.) or in eye care products are considered safe. Hyaluronic acid supplements taken by mouth are also considered safe (but you should still tell your healthcare provider about them, as you would for any other medication, vitamin or supplement).
Prescription hyaluronic acid products should be taken exactly as instructed by your healthcare provider. Injections of any kind containing hyaluronic acid should only be given by a licensed, qualified medical professional.
You may want to talk to your healthcare provider about hyaluronic acid if you’re interested in using it as a supplement. You may also want to also ask them about treatment options that use hyaluronic acid for the following conditions or purposes:
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) may be the simplest chlorine-based acid, but it is still strongly corrosive. We’ve written about the history behind and properties of hydrochloric acid, so this week we thought we’d take a look into its five most popular uses.
But limiting the uses of hydrochloric acid to five is not an easy task. Known as a ‘workhorse’ chemical, this compound has an enormous scope of applications across many different industries.
The water chemistry in swimming pools plays a very important role, and maintaining the correct pH balance is one of the crucial elements in water chemistry. The pH of your swimming pool:
Therefore, it is vital for health and safety to maintain optimum water chemistry. When alkalinity is too high in a pool, hydrochloric acid is used to adjust the pH and bring the water back within its optimum range.
Hydrochloric acid is the preferred chemical to use here because of its cleaning properties. Not only will it save your pH, it will also effectively remove any dark stains that have adhered to the grout or tiles of the pool. When used in this way, a 10% solution of HCl is recommended to prevent against any corrosion.
Another industry that makes use of the cleaning properties of hydrochloric acid is steel pickling. This is a surface treatment process that is used to remove impurities on metals. Pickling removes things like rust, iron oxide scale, stains, inorganic contaminants, and other general impurities. This is an essential step that is carried out before the metal is processed i.e. before extrusion, rolling or galvanising.
Hydrochloric acid is used as a pickling agent because its corrosive nature means that it can effectively dissolve the metal oxides that accumulate on the surface. When compared to other pickling agents, like sulphuric acid, HCl has several advantages:
As a pickling agent, hydrochloric acid is mostly used for carbon steel grades. It isn’t used for stainless steel grades because its acidity could cause staining or corrosion.
There are a variety of products that can be obtained using hydrochloric acid. From wastewater treatment and electroplating to a range of pharmaceuticals, this compound is used in the manufacturing of many different compounds.
These are the products of an acid-base reaction that uses hydrochloric acid. Many inorganic compounds can be manufactured this way, including:
One of the largest industries for the consumption of hydrochloric acid is in the manufacturing of organic compounds:
Ion exchange resins are used during the deionisation process to remove cations (positively charged molecules like calcium and magnesium) and anions (negatively charged molecules like sulphates and nitrates) from an aqueous solution. This method produces deionised or demineralised water.
High-quality hydrochloric acid has a crucial role in the deionisation process, which can be summarised in 10 simple steps:
There are a number of acids that can be used to regenerate cation exchange resins, like sulphuric acid. Battling against HCl in the steel pickling and now the ion exchange industry, sulphuric acid is preferred by many manufacturers because it is less expensive.
However, hydrochloric acid still takes the edge because it has a better overall operating capacity. It also isn’t at risk of causing the calcium levels in the feed water to precipitate in the resin bed, which a high concentration of sulphuric acid is likely to do.
Although hydrochloric acid has many brilliant applications that are useful to many industries, there’s no denying that it also has a dark history.
We know that hydrochloric acid can be found in the body where it is produced by our stomach glands to form gastric acid. While this poses no danger to us, there are other areas of the body that HCl was specifically designed to target and destroy.
In World War I, phosgene (COCl2) was a popular chemical used in warfare. Phosgene is a colourless gas that is a valuable industrial reagent and has an odour that resembles hay. It is produced by a reaction between purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas in the presence of activated carbon.
Phosgene was used as a chemical weapon instead of chlorine gas, which was easily identified by its green colour. As a colourless gas that smelt like familiar hay, phosgene was an insidious chemical that would deeply permeate the mucous membranes in the lungs. Here in the body, it would undergo hydrolysis and convert into carbonic acid and hydrochloric acid which would begin destroying the internal organs. It is estimated that 85% of approximately 100,000 deaths in WW1 were caused by phosgene gas.
Chemically known as sulphur mustard, this toxic compound has been used as a chemical warfare agent throughout history. An incredibly powerful vesicant, mustard gas causes severe blistering on those who are exposed to it. It is also a strong mutagen and carcinogen.
One of the reasons why mustard gas causes such extreme blistering is because of how it breaks down. When it comes into contact with water, mustard gas breaks down and forms hydrochloric acid. Not a lot of water is required for this, either; the moist surface of the eyes or lungs are enough to cause the compound to break down. This is why mustard gas doesn’t only cause blistering to your skin – it can also blister many of your organs if inhaled.
The applications of hydrochloric acid are virtually limitless. It is also used:
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