Masterbatches are commonly used in polymer processing to incorporate color pigments or additives and antimicrobials into the polymer resin or other liquid. A masterbatch is a concentrated mixture of an additive encapsulated in a carrier material, such as PE or PP. The carrier is typically a polymer resin in a pellet or chip form, but liquid masterbatches are also available for certain materials and applications.
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Masterbatches allow for less complicated addition through pellet-to-pellet blending or addition at the extruder. No specialized dosing equipment for minute amounts of powder is needed. It also reduces the precision of addition required to achieve the same addition rate in the final product. This concept is illustrated in the following example:
Option A would require 0.25 lbs of pure additive powder and Option B would require 2.5 lbs of 10% masterbatch pellets to result in 100 lbs of treated polymer. It is much easier to add 2.5 lbs of pellets than it is to add 0.25 lbs of powder to the processing equipment.
The use of an additive masterbatch also improves product consistency and process stability through better dispersion. To use the sample example shown previously, it is easier to achieve proper dispersion with the addition of 2.5 lbs of masterbatch than the 0.25 lbs of powder additive. This is an important distinction. Using masterbatches for more uniform dispersion can result in fewer rejected parts due to inconsistent color or other critical properties that negatively impact quality.
Many additives are hazardous or nuisance materials in pure form. Masterbatches encapsulate the additive in a polymer resin or liquid. This encapsulation reduces, or in most cases eliminates, the hazardous nature of the additive. It also removes the numerous potential hazards of handling powders. These characteristics result in fewer engineering controls needed and less required personal protective equipment (PPE).
In addition to being safer to handle, masterbatch additives are also cleaner. There is no color pigment or other powdered additive to waft, spill or statically attach to surfaces. The result is a cleaner production area, reduced cross-contamination, and potentially quicker transitions between different products.
The encapsulation of the additive in the masterbatch provides benefits to the additive as well. The masterbatch can help protect the additive from exposure to humidity, temperature and UV during storage. This can extend the shelf life of the additive significantly, which could reduce the cost of materials lost to degradation.
The Research and Development Team at Microban International strives to make antimicrobial technology incorporation as simple as possible for our customers, taking advantage of the extensive benefits of masterbatched concentrates. Over the years we have developed numerous custom antimicrobial additive solutions for our partners and have Microban technologies available for a wide-range of polymers and applications. Please contact us today to learn more about a solution for your application.
A masterbatch is a concentrated mixture of pigments and / or additives blended and extruded together in a carrier matrix, such as resin or wax, that is used to add these mixed additives to a final plastic product. The additives may be used for colouring (a "colour masterbatch") or for imparting other properties (an "additive masterbatch"). The typical alternative to using a masterbatch is to compound the plastic from raw undiluted additives.
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The general process for the manufacture of masterbatches involves first identifying and weighing the needed pigments and/or additives, then mixing the pigments or additives with a carrier resin or polymer. Finally, the concentrated mixture is extruded, cooled and formed into granules, powders, or other masterbatch vehicles and the final product is bagged.[1]
The carrier material of the masterbatch can be based on wax (a universal carrier) or a specific polymer that is identical to or compatible with the natural polymer used (a polymer-specific carrier). Polymers such as EVA or LDPE can be used as carriers for polyolefins and nylon, while polystyrene can be used for ABS, SAN, and sometimes polycarbonates. When a carrier other than the base plastic is used, this carrier material may modify the resulting plastic's properties. The usual ratio of masterbatch to base polymer is 1–5%. Several masterbatches (colors and various additives) can be used together.[2]
Processing machines are usually fed with premixed granules of the host polymer and the masterbatch, where the final mixing takes place in the screw and extrusion parts of the processor. Granule processing is sometimes prone to causing adverse effects, such as the separation of the masterbatch and the base material in the hopper. As an alternative, the masterbatch can be added directly to the machine's screw as a free-flowing solid or, if the masterbatch is liquid, by a peristaltic pump. Such use of liquid masterbatches allows highly accurate dosing and quick color changes between machine runs.[3][4]
Masterbatches are highly concentrated compared to the target composition, with high "let-down ratios"; for example, often 25 kgs of a masterbatch can be used to compound one ton of base polymer.[5]
The dilutive nature of masterbatches, compared to raw additives, allows for higher accuracy in dosing small amounts of expensive additives. The use of granular solid masterbatches reduces problems with dust typically inherent to the use of finer-grained solid additives. Solid masterbatches have longer shelf lives than solutions in solvents, which evaporate over time. The masterbatch usually contains 40–65% of the additive, but the range can be as wide as 15–80% in extreme cases.[2]
The additives in a masterbatch are chosen to impart desired physical property changes to a final plastic product. They can increase volumetric output due to thermal conductivity and volumetric expansion at a given temperature as well as potentially increasing the toughness, flexural stiffness, adhesion, and printability of a final product.[6] The additives in a masterbatch can modify the permanent electrical conductivity of a plastic product, which can prevent problems caused by static electrical charges,[7] or the specific heat capacity, which can help reduce material costs by reducing energy used to run the machine.[8]
Depending on the needs of the output product, manufacturers mix primary plastic with additives in a certain amount. These raw materials are mixed through the process of casting, compression and pressing to create the masterbatch, which can be used directly as an input material or in combination with other materials to make plastic products through different forming methods.[9]
Additive masterbatches modify various properties of the base plastic:[10]
Masterbatches are used in the following areas:
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