Testing dietary potassium diformate in Pacific white shrimp

Results show improved growth, survival, productivity in hatchery and grow-out conditions

Intensive production of the Pacific or whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Central America and Southeast Asia is estimated at over 3 million metric tons. Despite remarkable progress in shrimp nutrition and feed formulation during the past years, disease outbreaks in shrimp ponds can still lead to farming setbacks and, in some cases, to increased use of antibiotics.

Goto shuntong to know more.

Growing awareness from consumers and producers of aquacultured species is driving demand for responsible and sustainable aquaculture. Regulatory authorities in many seafood exporting countries now focus on the misuse of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in aquaculture, while public attention has shifted towards sustainable production methods. Alternative additives are being developed to replace AGPs.

Acidifiers are one of various alternatives spearheading environmental friendly and nutritive-sustainable aquaculture approaches. Currently, the most widely tested organic acid molecule in aquaculture is potassium diformate (KDF, Aquaform®, ADDCON). It has been tested and used successfully in various cultured aquatic species, including salmon, trout, tilapia, Asian and European seabass, and pangasius. Its value to the shrimp production cycle has also been demonstrated in several field and research trials.

Potassium diformate is a double-salt formic acid molecule which decreases gastro-intestinal pH and thereby intensifies release of buffering fluids, containing enzymes, from the hepatopancreas. Formate also diffuses into pathogenic bacteria inside the digestive tract and acidifies their metabolism, leading to bacterial cell death. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria (Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria) are supported (eubiosis), which may lead to improved gut health, resulting in stronger condition of the shrimp.

One of the most crucial periods in the life cycle of shrimp is the post-larval stage, when shrimp feeding changes from algae and brine shrimp nauplii, to commercially formulated larval diets. Shrimp survival rates during this period are critical to later productivity, but various pathogenic bacteria can significantly increase larval mortality in shrimp hatcheries.

Dietary potassium diformate and L. vannamei postlarvae and juveniles

Dr. He and colleagues in China () carried out an experiment to test the use of potassium diformate on L. vannamei postlarvae (average body weight 57 mg) through a formulated diet containing either zero or 0.8 percent potassium diformate (KDF) fed for a period of 40 days. Shrimp larvae fed the diet with KDF had a significantly improved performance in terms of growth, feed conversion and survival rates (Table 1).

Lückstädt, KDF, Table 1

ParameterControl0.8 percent KDFDifference (%) Initial BW (mg)– Final BW (mg)256±34
309±35+21 WG [mg, 40 d]+27 FCR3.73±0.62.49±0.3
-33 Survival (%)92.2±1.+8 Prod. Index*0.491.01+106 Growth, feed conversion and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei PL under aquaria conditions after 40 days. *Productivity Index (weight gain [g] × survival [percent] / (10 × FCR)).

Shrimp larvae fed the diet with KDF inclusion showed a more efficient growth and significantly improved feed utilization, as well as lower mortality (P<0.05), compared to control animals, resulting in a markedly increased productivity index, which is a formula including the three most important production figures in shrimp production: weight gain of shrimp, feed efficiency and survival rate. Optimized nutrition in the early stages of the shrimp production cycle often results in an overall improved shrimp productivity, which was also demonstrated in another experiment reported by Jintasataporn et al. ().

We carried out another experiment in aquaria to simulate intensive growout and investigate the growth performance of juvenile L. vannamei shrimp fed with low levels of dietary KDF vs. a control diet. For the 10-week experiment, 30 aquaria 120-L each) and connected to a flow-through system, were filled with 20 ppt seawater and 28.0±2.0 degrees-C and > 6.0 ppm of dissolved oxygen. Each aquarium was stocked with 18 shrimp each, with an average body weight of 2.4±0.1 g (n=540). Shrimp were fed to satiation three times a day, with a commercial diet containing 32 percent crude protein. The control diet (treatment A) did not contain KDF, and 0.2 percent and 0.5 percent KDF were added to diets in treatments B and C, respectively.

Results showed higher individual body mass, daily weight gain and specific growth rates for shrimp fed on the diets that included KDF (treatments B+C). Those KDF-fed shrimp reached growth parameters compared to the control group (treatment A) of 11.8 g vs. 11.0 g final weight, 0.13 g/ind/day vs. 0.12 g/ind/day and an SGR of 2.26 percent/day vs. 2.16 percent/day, respectively (Table 2).

If you want to learn more, please visit our website Potassium Diformate.

Similarly, the survival rates of shrimp fed diets with KDF were 80.6 vs. 76.1 percent in the control group, and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were 1.37 vs. 1.47. Thus, the growth performance of Pacific white shrimp fed diets with 0.2 and 0.5 percent KDF inclusions resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased body weight by 7.2 and 7.4 percent, and higher average daily weight gains of 9.26 and 9.17 percent (P=0.06). Similarly, FCR values were improved by 7.1 and 7.0 percent (P=0.07) compared to the control group.

Lückstädt, KDF, Table 2

ParameterNeg. control0.2% KDF0.5% KDF Initial BM (g/ind)2.4 ± 0.12.4 ± 0.12.5 ± 0.1 Final BM (g/ind)11.0b ± 0.811.8a ± 1.311.8a ± 0.7 Weight gain (g)8.6 ± 0.99.4 ± 1.39.4 ± 0.7 SGR (%)2.2 ± 0.12.3 ± 0.22.3 ± 0.1 Survival (%)76.1 ± 7.076.1 ± 4.6 80.6 ± 13.4 FCR 1.47 ± 0.1 1.37 ± 0.1 1.37 ± 0.1 Productivity Index (PI)45.0b ± 8.553.8ab ± 14.5 55.9a ± 14.0 Performance of whiteleg shrimp fed with or without dietary KDF. SGR = Specific Growth Rate; FCR = Feed Conversion Ratio; PI = Weight gain (g) x Survival (percent) / (FCR x 10). Means with different superscripts within rows are significantly different (P<0.05).

If the data are analyzed for overall productivity, using the Productivity Index, it shows that the inclusion of dietary KDF resulted in significant improvements of the PI vs. the negative control by more than 19 percent or 24 percent, respectively. We conclude that using our dietary potassium diformate is a promising alternative in modern shrimp nutrition that contributes to an economically and ecologically sustainable growout operation.

Other experiments carried out under controlled laboratory conditions, like the one discussed above, showed unusually high survival rates (76 to 81 percent), and thus were not mimicking bacterial situations on commercial farms closely enough. Survival rates that do not reflect those found in commercial farms often provide an unrealistic picture of the additive’s benefit. Under commercial farm conditions, shrimp can be exposed to a number of different challenges, including bacterial pathogens.

Vibrio challenge trial

Therefore, a subsequent trial was carried out to challenge juvenile L. vannamei shrimp with the bioluminescent, Gram-negative bacterium V. harveyi, which regularly causes increased mortality in shrimp culture. The trial consisted of a negative control compared against two treatment groups (0.2 percent and 0.5 percent dietary KDF, at dosages similar to the ones used in the trial reported above). A total of 90 shrimp (30 shrimp per group), with a mean body weight of 11.0±0.8g, were used. The trial used the same protocols as described above, but with the addition of the pathogenic V. harveyi to the water at the beginning of the 10-day trial at a concentration of 5 × 106 CFU/mL.

At the end of this challenge trial, the mortality in the non-treated shrimp was significantly higher (P<0.01; 76.6±5.8 percent) compared to shrimp fed with the diets with KDF at both inclusion levels (50.0±10.0 percent for both 0.2 percent and 0.5 percent KDF), as shown in Fig. 1. The effect of the acidifier was clear from the first day of the trial, but the difference between treatment and control became more pronounced from day 4 onwards and remained significantly different till the end of the trial. Both dietary KDF dosages reduced the mortality in the challenged shrimp to the same extent by day 10.

Perspectives

We conclude from our research that our dietary potassium diformate can reduce mortality in Pacific white shrimp caused by the Gram-negative, pathogenic bacterium V. harveyi. It may be expected that similar outcomes may result with other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in commercial shrimp farming operations.

Considering our results on growth performance and survival rates, we believe that potassium diformate is a promising additive for economic and sustainable shrimp production, and should be considered in compound feeds for commercial, outdoor shrimp farming operations.

References available from author.

Are you interested in learning more about Potassium diformate in livestock nutrition? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

Potassium diformate has been shown in numerous trials to improve health and performance in piglets, growing-finishing pigs and sows. It is furthermore the only zootechnical additive with EU-approval for use throughout the whole pig production chain. The effects of potassium diformate (KDF) are often described as strong antimicrobial and digestibility enhancing. Most of the data available on the use of KDF in sows are from trials performed at universities and research institutes in Europe. The objective of the present study was to assess the subsequent effects of KDF, fed to sows, on their piglets under practical conditions in Asia.

The study was carried out with 49 sows during late gestation. The experiment was conducted on a commercial farm in Bureerum province in Thailand. The sows were randomly allotted to 2 treatment groups. Group 1 served as a control in which sows were fed a complete diet, mainly based on corn, rice bran, soybean meal and fishmeal without supplemented antimicrobial agents. Sows in group 2 were fed the complete diet containing 2 kg/t KDF. The experimental feeding of sows started 5 days before farrowing and finished at weaning (26 days after farrowing). Feed was available in mash form, while water was available ad libitum. Data on weight and number of piglets (born and “born alive”) were recorded and analysed using the t-test. The results are given as mean ± SD and a confidence level of 95% was defined for these analyses.

Feeding KDF to sows did have significant effects on the new-born piglets. There was a numerical (p=0.11) increase in the number of piglets born alive. The number of weaned piglets however, and the total weight of weaned piglets per sow were significantly increased (p<0.05). Losses during weaning were therefore reduced.

These results show that the inclusion of potassium diformate into the diet of sows can enhance performance in piglets. This is in general agreement with observations made in Europe. It can be therefore concluded that the use of KDF in sow diets under Asian conditions will be able to improve pig production.  IntroductionAgricultural production and the feed industry world-wide continue to suffer from losses caused by contamination with pathogenic bacteria and the associated consequences in livestock, such as reduced weight gain and increased mortality. According to many scientists it is believed that “…Dietary acidifiers can actually become the most common and efficacious alternative solution to antibiotics, in order to improve health status and performance of pigs” (Papatsiros and Billinis, ). Currently, only potassium diformate (FORMI; KDF) is approved by the European Union as acidifier-based zootechnical additive (former non-antibiotic performance enhancer) for piglets, fattening pigs and sows – thereby covering the whole pig production chain. Numerous trials have been carried out world-wide and a Holo-analysis of all published trials confirms that potassium diformate improves on average feed intake in swine by 3.5%, weight gain by 8.7% and feed efficiency by 4.2% (Lückstädt and Mellor, ). Most of these data stem from the use of KDF in weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. However, more recently, also data on the use of KDF in sows are available. Øverland et al. () described the effect of KDF in the diet of reproducing sows, especially on performance of sows and litters. The authors concluded that adding KDF to diets for sows had a positive effect on sows’ backfat thickness in gestation and on growth performance of piglets. A further study (Lückstädt, ) found that the inclusion of KDF  in sow diets from pre-farrowing till weaning can furthermore improve feed intake and condition in sows (Table 1). Most of the data available on the use of KDF in sows are from trials performed at universities and research institutes and have focused mainly on the effects on sows alone. Furthermore, those trials have been carried out in Europe only. Currently, the use of potassium diformate has been extended to tropical Asia, in order to improve pig production under sub-optimal conditions. As of now it is mainly used in piglet diets. The objective of the present study was therefore to assess the subsequent effects of low inclusion rates of KDF, fed to sows, on piglets under rural tropical Asian conditions.Material and MethodsThe study was carried out with 49 sows during late gestation. The experiment was conducted on a commercial farm in Bureerum province in Thailand. The sows were randomly allotted to 2 treatment groups. Group 1 served as a control in which sows were fed a complete diet, mainly based on corn, rice bran, soybean meal and fishmeal without supplemented antimicrobial agents. Sows in group 2 were fed the complete diet containing 2 kg/t KDF. Potassium diformate (KDF) is the potassium double salt of formic acid with a hydrogen bond and consists of around 70% formic acid equivalents in a crystalline structure (Figure 1).The experimental feeding of sows started 5 days before farrowing and finished at weaning (≈26 days after farrowing). Feed was available in mash form, while water was available ad libitum. Data on weight and number of piglets (born and “born alive”) were recorded and analysed using the t-test. The results are given as mean ± SD and a confidence level of 95% was defined for these analyses.Results and DiscussionFeeding KDF to sows did have significant effects on the new-born piglets (Table 2). There was a numerical (p=0.11) increase in the number of piglets born alive, which accounts for an increase of almost 12%. The number of weaned piglets furthermore, and the total weight of weaned piglets per sow were significantly increased (p<0.05), by more than 21% and 10 kg respectively.Therefore losses during weaning were reduced, by approx. 10%. All this was achieved with a weaning period roughly one day shorter than the control.These results show that the inclusion of low levels of potassium diformate (FORMI) into the diet of sows from late gestation till the end of the weaning period can improve performance and survival rates in piglets under rural tropical conditions. Similar observations have been made by Øverland et al. () and Lückstädt (). Øverland et al. () for instance found that piglets born to sows receiving KDF tended to have increased individual (P=0.05) and litter (P=0.08) birth weight, while they had a significantly higher weaning weight (P<0.05). The presented data, especially on the reduced mortality, are also in line with unpublished data from the Nong Lam University in Vietnam (), which found reduced mortalities (Control: 7.2%; KDF: 3.7%) in piglets from sows fed with KDF.  ReferencesLückstädt, C. . Effects of dietary potassium diformate on feed intake, weight loss and backfat reduction in sows: pre-farrowing till weaning. Proc. BSAS, Vol. 2(1), 145.Lückstädt, C., Mellor, S. . Holoanalysis – the acid test in pig diets. Feed Magazine /Kraftfutter. 1/2, 18-21.Øverland, M., Bikker, P., Fledderus, J. . Potassium diformate in the diet of reproducing sows: Effect on performance of sows and litters. Livest. Sci. 122, 241-247.Papatsiros, V., Billinis, C. . The prophylactic use of acidifiers as antibacterial agents in swine. In: Antimicrobial Agents, Bobbarala, V. (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51--1, Chapter 14., pp. 295-310.